The major dynamic processes of plate tectonics

The major dynamic processes of plate tectonics and the layers in which the Earth is differentiated (not to scale). From the outer lithosphere, divided into the ocean and continental parts, the upper mantle, the transition zone and the lower mantle are shown. The fluid outer core and solid inner core are also portrayed. From left to right, subduction and related back arc opening, hot spots and a spreading ocean ridge are shown. For the continental lithosphere, isostatic adjustment following post-glacial rebound is suggested.