Testing lunar 4G operations

LTE/4G is coming to the Moon, to help support future international exploration efforts. In late 2019, the ESA-VSC High Power Radio Frequency Laboratory and Nokia tested an advanced prototype LTE Base Station with integrated Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in simulated lunar conditions.

NASA has selected Nokia  to develop a lunar communications wireless network based on cellular 4G ‘Long Term Evolution’ (LTE) technology, potentially enabling live video streaming and remote control of rovers, lunar bases and associated infrastructure. Nokia will be partnering with Intuitive Machines, a leading aerospace company headquartered in Houston, Texas, to integrate Nokia’s LTE/4G network into its Nova-C lunar lander and deliver it to the lunar surface.

In late 2019, as part of an internally funded Nokia Bell Labs research effort to test their advanced prototype LTE BTS, Nokia turned to a specialist in high-power radio phenomena: the High Power Radio Frequency Laboratory, run jointly by ESA and the Valencia Space Consortium, a non-profit organisation set up by Valencia’s two universities, its regional government and municipality.

Lab manager David Raboso explains: “The particular concern was an effect called ‘multipactor’, where strong radio frequency energy in vacuum can generate an avalanche of secondary electron emissions from the RF device itself, resulting in damage or even total breakdown of the system.

“We used radioactive strontium-90 sources and ultraviolet lamps to ‘seed’ low-energy electrons while testing operations of the LTE Base Station across three different temperature ranges, covering the qualification level and operational requirements.

“The results showed the LTE Base Station design is indeed robust against the multipactor effect, giving strong confidence that it can operate on the Moon and in space, as designed.”

Originally set up to serve the first generation of ESA radar Earth observation missions, the ESA-VSC High Power Radio Frequency Laboratory has gone on to serve hundreds of ESA and commercial space missions, along with associated research and development.

An additional facility, the High-Power Space Materials Laboratory, has been set up by ESA and VSC to investigate the associated challenges for materials thrown up by high-power RF operations.