Early operations
The Launch and Early Operations Phase (LEOP) is the period immediately after launch when critical operations are carried out by the Mission Control Team. For Herschel and Planck, this phase started as soon as the first signal was acquired from the launcher, about 36 minutes after launch, and lasted for four to five days while orbit correction manoeuvres were executed.
During LEOP, the satellites are monitored 22 hours a day using ESA’s Deep Space Stations at New Norcia, Australia (primary ground station), Cebreros, Spain, Perth, Australia and Kourou, French Guiana.
The Ariane 5 solid rocket boosters separated from the upper stage of the launcher approximately 2.5 minutes after launch, and the fairing came off about four minutes after launch.
Herschel separated from the upper stage about 26 minutes after launch. After this, the upper stage reoriented itself away from Herschel and ejected the Sylda, a protective cover under which Planck was kept during launch. The upper stage then reoriented to the right attitude to spin up, allowing Planck (which had to spin at about one rpm to conduct its observations) to separate.
The upper stage of the Ariane 5 directly set the spacecraft on the trajectory to enter the correct orbit around L2 after separation. The Herschel spacecraft did not have a dedicated engine for major orbital manoeuvres; it used its thrusters for any minor corrections to the trajectory after separation.
The commissioning phase began once these critical operations were completed. This is the phase where all of the spacecraft’s subsystems (power, thermal control etc.) are turned on and verified as working normally.
Herschel was equipped with a cryostat that needed some time to cool after launch and reach its stable operational temperatures. This cooling phase ran passively in parallel with the commissioning phase.
